Composites Derived from Aluminium-Modified Biphasic Calcium-Phosphate for Bone Regeneration

In this research, aluminium-doped biphasic calcium phosphate (Al-BCP) was synthesized by co-precipitation and formulated with hydrolyzed collagen and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) to yield composites designed as a new class of bone-regenerative biomaterials with enhanced biological performance. Undoped and Al-modified powders (5/10 wt% Al precursor) were prepared at 40 °C (pH ~ 11) and calcined at 700 °C, and composites were produced at a 1:1:0.1 mass ratio (ceramic-collagen-ASA). Structure and chemistry were assessed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Morphology and elemental distribution were examined by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX). Biological performance was preliminarily evaluated using HaCaT (immortalized human keratinocytes) viability and antibacterial assays against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. XRD confirmed a biphasic hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate system and showed that Al incorporation shifted the phase balance toward hydroxyapatite (HAp fraction 54.8% in BCP vs. ~68.6-68.7% in Al-doped samples). FTIR/Raman preserved BCP vibrational signatures and revealed collagen/ASA bands in the composites. XPS/EDX verified the expected composition, including surface N 1s from organics and Al at ~2-5 at% for doped samples, with surface Ca/P ≈ 1.15-1.16. SEM revealed multigranular microstructures with homogeneous Al distribution. All composites were non-cytotoxic (≥70% viability); M_Al10_Col_ASA exceeded 90% viability at 12.5% dilution. Preliminary antibacterial assays against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains showed modest, time-dependent reductions in CFU relative to controls. These results corroborate the compositional/structural profile and preliminary biological performance of Al-BCP-collagen-ASA composites as multifunctional bone tissue engineering materials that foster a bone-friendly microenvironment, warranting further evaluation for bone regeneration.