The Molecular Mechanisms of Muscle–Adipose Crosstalk: Myokines, Adipokines, Lipokines and the Mediating Role of Exosomes

Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle are the foremost energy depots and locomotor organs; they orchestrate metabolic homeostasis through the secretion of cytokines via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine pathways. This intricate interplay is pivotal in the pathogenesis of numerous metabolic disorders, encompassing obesity and muscle atrophy, as well as influencing meat quality in animal production. Despite its significance, unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying muscle-adipose crosstalk remains a major challenge. Recent advancements in multi-omics technologies have facilitated the identification of a multitude of cytokines derived from adipose tissue and muscle, including adipokines, lipokines, myokines, and myogenic exosomes and adipose-derived exosomes containing various biomolecules. The functional roles of these cytokines have been elucidated through meticulous studies employing trans-well cultures and recombinant proteins. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the bidirectional roles of adipokines and myokines in key biological processes-such as muscle satellite cell differentiation, mitochondrial thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism. By synthesizing these findings, we aim to provide novel insights into the treatment of metabolic diseases and the improvement of animal production.