MRI of the Scrotum and Penis: Current Applications and Clinical Relevance

<b>Background:</b> Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an increasingly important role in the evaluation of scrotal and penile disorders, complementing ultrasonography in cases where findings are equivocal or complex. With its superior soft-tissue contrast, multiplanar capability, and advanced functional sequences, MRI provides unparalleled anatomic and tissue characterization across a wide range of male genital pathologies. <b>Summary:</b> This review summarizes current clinical applications of MRI in scrotal and penile imaging and discusses its diagnostic value, protocol optimization, and interpretive features. In scrotal pathology, MRI accurately differentiates torsion, trauma, infection, and neoplasms, aiding in the distinction between benign and malignant testicular lesions and supporting testis-sparing management. Quantitative diffusion and perfusion metrics further refine lesion characterization. In andrology, MRI biomarkers such as apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), and proton spectroscopy serve as promising non-invasive indicators of spermatogenic activity in male infertility. In penile imaging, MRI enables precise local staging of carcinoma, assessment of plaque morphology and activity in Peyronie's disease, evaluation of tissue viability in priapism, and detection of prosthesis-related complications. <b>Conclusions:</b> MRI has become an essential problem-solving tool in the assessment of scrotal and penile diseases, enhancing diagnostic confidence and surgical planning. Future directions include protocol standardization, quantitative parameter validation, and the integration of radiomics and artificial intelligence to improve reproducibility and clinical impact.