Rethinking protection: systems immunology, correlates, and vaccine confidence

“Improving vaccination coverage starts with improving delivery, reducing logistical hurdles, ensuring supply, and making scheduling more convenient for families.” Ashling Cannon (Editor, BioInsights) speaks with John Tregoning (Professor of Vaccine Immunology, Imperial College London) about how high-dimensional analytical tools are transforming the study of vaccine-induced immunity. They discuss the evolution of correlates of protection, the integration of systems immunology and multiomic data, and strategies for capturing immune heterogeneity across populations. Tregoning also reflects on the importance of assay standardization, risk communication, and technology transfer in accelerating vaccine innovation and public confidence in immunization.