Predictive Power of Biomarkers in Preeclampsia in Singleton Pregnancies: A Comprehensive Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions

Abstract Preeclampsia is a significant cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide, characterized by hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Early identification and management are critical to improving outcomes. Biomarkers have emerged as promising tools for predicting the onset and progression of preeclampsia, offering the potential for earlier intervention. This comprehensive review examines the current landscape of biomarkers in predicting preeclampsia, evaluating their predictive values, clinical applicability, and limitations, specifically in singleton pregnancies. Readers explore a range of biomarkers, including angiogenic factors such as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) and placental growth factor (PlGF), which have shown high sensitivity and specificity in predicting preeclampsia. The roles of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and cytokines, are also assessed for their predictive capabilities. In addition, the research discusses the emerging significance of metabolomic and proteomic profiles in enhancing predictive accuracy. Despite advancements, the clinical integration of these biomarkers is hindered by challenges such as variability in predictive performance across different populations and gestational stages. Moreover, the cost-effectiveness and accessibility of biomarker testing in routine prenatal care remain areas of concern. Future research should focus on validating biomarker panels in diverse populations and developing standardized guidelines for clinical implementation. In conclusion, while biomarkers hold substantial promise in the predictive landscape of preeclampsia, ongoing research is crucial to overcome existing barriers and translate these findings into improved clinical outcomes. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence and future directions in the predictive use of biomarkers for preeclampsia.