Long-Term Antibody Responses to <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> Across Natural Infection, Vaccination, and Challenge: A Systematic Review

ur Research Question: We aimed to systematically review longitudinal antibody responses in humans following natural infection, vaccination, or challenge with <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> O1/O139, to inform interpretation of cross-sectional seroepidemiologic studies. We Found: We found that antibody responses vary significantly by exposure type, age group, and geographic setting, with infection inducing stronger and longer-lasting responses than vaccination, and younger children showing higher IgA responses to CTB compared to older children and adults.it is Important: These findings highlight variability in immune responses across populations and underscore the need for tailored approaches to accurately estimate cholera burden and guide global control strategies.