Silencing of the Superaquaporin LvAQP11 Disrupts Salinity Tolerance, Molting Cycle, and Myofibril Organization in Litopenaeus vannamei

The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), a euryhaline crustacean of significant economic importance, is widely cultivated for its adaptability to diverse salinity levels. Aquaporins (AQPs) are membrane channel proteins that mediate the transport of water and small solutes across biological membranes. Among them, aquaporin 11 (AQP11) is classified as a superaquaporin, and its physiological roles remain unclear. In this study, RNA interference (RNAi) was employed to silence AQP11 expression in L. vannamei, followed by RNA-seq analysis to investigate transcriptomic responses. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing dsAQP11 and control groups. The LvAQP11 knockdown significantly increased mortality to 76.7% under acute high-salinity stress (50‰) but not under low-salinity conditions (10‰). Transcriptomic analysis revealed that LvAQP11 deficiency disrupted amino acid metabolism pathways and triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress, as evidenced by the upregulation of proteasome subunits and unfolded protein response genes. Furthermore, silencing LvAQP11 delayed molting progression in the premolt stages, accompanied by the significant upregulation of molt-inhibiting hormone (LvMIH1/5) and downregulation of retinoic acid X receptor (LvRXR). The long-term silencing of LvAQP11 did not affect the weight gain rate (WGR) or the specific growth rate (SGR) but induced muscle fiber disorganization and significantly increased muscle water content. RNA sequencing identified enriched carbohydrate and chitin metabolism pathways, indicating disrupted cytoskeletal dynamics and extracellular matrix integrity. Through this study, we elucidate the crucial roles of LvAQP11 in osmoregulation, molting, and muscle integrity in L. vannamei, providing novel insights into the multifunctional nature of superaquaporins beyond water transport.