Emerging Organic Pollutants in Ethiopia: Occurrence, Impacts, and Management Strategies

Emerging organic pollutants (EOPs), including per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), and pesticides are increasingly detected in various environmental compartments in Ethiopia, despite the limited industrial activity. These contaminants originate from the industrial parks, agricultural runoff, untreated wastewater from households and healthcare facilities, and unregulated pesticide use. This review provides recent findings on the occurrence, sources, and human health and ecological impacts of EOPs in Ethiopia. Elevated levels of PFAS and pharmaceutical residues have been reported in surface waters, sediments, and biota, particularly around urban centers and wastewater discharge points. Pesticide residues, including banned substances, are widespread in agricultural zones and water bodies, posing risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems. Regulatory action and pollution control measures have been characterized by a lack of coordination, even though the evidence indicates increased risk. The study also highlights significant gaps in monitoring capacity, regulatory enforcement, and public awareness. Innovative mitigation strategies such as nature-based solutions, advanced oxidation processes, and the development of low-cost adsorbents from local materials are discussed as promising interventions. The paper underscores the need for integrated policies, enhanced scientific infrastructure, and cross-sectoral collaboration to manage EOPs effectively. While challenges remain, a context-specific and coordinated approach offers a sustainable path forward to safeguard public health and environmental integrity in Ethiopia.