Toward a bio-ethological 4E linguistics: Language as life in mind and behavior

This article proposes a theoretical framework for a Bio-Ethological 4E Linguistics that integrates ethology, biolinguistics, and embodied cognition within a single biological continuum. It argues that the persistent division between linguistic internalism and behavioral biology has produced two incomplete naturalisms—one mental without life, the other biological without mind. By aligning Tinbergen’s four questions of ethology (mechanism, ontogeny, function, evolution) with the four dimensions of 4E cognition (embodiment, enaction, embeddedness, extension), the paper reconstructs language as an evolved form of biological sense-making rather than an abstract code. Classical ethology—represented by Tinbergen, Lorenz, Hinde, and Hess—anticipated many principles later formalized in enactive and embodied theories of mind, while contemporary 4E approaches have yet to ground their concepts in the empirical study of behavior. The proposed synthesis restores that missing continuity by treating linguistic interaction as a living process of regulation within ecological and social systems. Language, on this view, functions as an adaptive interface linking individual cognition to collective life. The article concludes with a programmatic agenda for a unified science of communication that spans neurobiological mechanisms, developmental dynamics, social coordination, and cultural evolution. A Bio-Ethological 4E Linguistics thus redefines language as life expressing itself through meaning—an approach that re-joins the study of mind with the study of behavior and situates linguistics within the broader biology of living systems.