Characterization of low-nitrogen quantum diamond for pulsed magnetometry applications

Ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are versatile quantum sensors with broad applications in the physical and life sciences. The concentration of neutral substitutional nitrogen ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m1"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ]) strongly influences NV electronic spin coherence times, sensitivity, and optimal sensing strategies. Diamonds with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m2"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ] <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m3"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 1–10 ppm are a focus of recent material engineering efforts, with higher concentrations being favorable for continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance (CW-ODMR) and lower concentrations expected to benefit pulsed magnetometry techniques through extended NV spin coherence times and improved sensing duty cycles. In this work, we synthesize and characterize low- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m4"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ] ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m5"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 0.8 ppm), NV-enriched diamond material, engineered through low-strain chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth on high-quality substrates, 12 C isotopic purification, and controlled electron irradiation and annealing. Our results demonstrate good strain homogeneity in diamonds grown on CVD substrates and spin-bath-limited NV dephasing times. By measuring NV spin and charge properties across a wide range of optical NV excitation intensity, we provide direct comparisons of photon-shot-noise-limited magnetic field sensitivity between the current low- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m6"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and previously studied higher- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m7"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m8"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 14 ppm) NV-diamond sensors. We show that low- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m9"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ] diamond can outperform higher- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m10"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ] diamond at moderate and low optical NV excitation intensity. Our results provide practical benchmarks and guidance for selecting NV-diamond sensors tailored to specific experimental constraints and sensing requirements.

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Journal
Frontiers in Quantum Science and Technology
Published
2025-12-09
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3389/frqst.2025.1701548
Primary Topic
Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research
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article
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article

Characterization of low-nitrogen quantum diamond for pulsed magnetometry applications

Connor Roncaioli, Ronald L. Walsworth, Matthew Markham, Connor Hart et al.
Frontiers in Quantum Science and Technology
Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research
article

Characterization of low-nitrogen quantum diamond for pulsed magnetometry applications

Connor Roncaioli, Ronald L. Walsworth, Matthew Markham, Connor Hart, Andrew M. Edmonds, Jiashen Tang, Atli Davidsson
article en

Abstract

Ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are versatile quantum sensors with broad applications in the physical and life sciences. The concentration of neutral substitutional nitrogen ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m1"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ]) strongly influences NV electronic spin coherence times, sensitivity, and optimal sensing strategies. Diamonds with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m2"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ] <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m3"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 1–10 ppm are a focus of recent material engineering efforts, with higher concentrations being favorable for continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance (CW-ODMR) and lower concentrations expected to benefit pulsed magnetometry techniques through extended NV spin coherence times and improved sensing duty cycles. In this work, we synthesize and characterize low- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m4"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ] ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m5"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 0.8 ppm), NV-enriched diamond material, engineered through low-strain chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth on high-quality substrates, 12 C isotopic purification, and controlled electron irradiation and annealing. Our results demonstrate good strain homogeneity in diamonds grown on CVD substrates and spin-bath-limited NV dephasing times. By measuring NV spin and charge properties across a wide range of optical NV excitation intensity, we provide direct comparisons of photon-shot-noise-limited magnetic field sensitivity between the current low- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m6"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and previously studied higher- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m7"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m8"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>∼</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> 14 ppm) NV-diamond sensors. We show that low- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m9"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ] diamond can outperform higher- <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="m10"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mtext>N</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mtext>s</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ] diamond at moderate and low optical NV excitation intensity. Our results provide practical benchmarks and guidance for selecting NV-diamond sensors tailored to specific experimental constraints and sensing requirements.

Frontiers in Quantum Science and TechnologyVol. 4
DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory (US), United States Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (US), Element Six (United Kingdom) (GB), Joint Quantum Institute (US), University of Maryland, College Park (US)
Openalex Percentile: Top 68%
Diamond and Carbon-based Materials Research
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