TSC1 deficiency drives immune evasion in colorectal cancer via mTORC1-mediated dysregulation of PD-L1 sialylation

Our findings demonstrate that TSC1 deficiency promotes immune evasion through mTORC1-mediated reprogramming of PD-L1 glycosylation, particularly α2,6-sialylation. This study identifies TSC1 as a prognostic biomarker and defines the TSC1/mTORC1/glycosylation axis as a potential therapeutic target to improve immune suppression in colorectal cancer, providing fundamental insights for the development of precision immunotherapy strategies.