On the Frequency of Multiple Galaxy Mergers in ΛCDM Cosmological Simulations

Abstract Mergers are believed to play a pivotal role in galaxy evolution, and measuring the galaxy merger fraction is a longstanding goal of both observational and theoretical studies. In this work, we extend the consideration of the merger fraction from the standard measure of binary mergers, namely those comprising two merging galaxies, to multiple mergers, namely mergers involving three or more galaxies. We use the Illustris and IllustrisTNG cosmological hydrodynamical simulations to provide a theoretical prediction for the fraction of galaxy systems that are involved in a multiple merger as a function of various parameters, with a focus on the relationship between the multiple merger fraction f m and the total merger fraction f t . We generally find that binary mergers dominate the total fraction and that <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.7</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> , a prediction that can be tested observationally. We further compare the empirical simulation results with toy models where mergers occur, on the evolution timeline of a galaxy, either at constant intervals or as a Poisson process at a constant rate. From these comparisons, where the toy models typically produce lower multiple merger fractions, we conclude that in cosmological simulations, mergers are more strongly clustered in time than in these toy scenarios, likely reflecting the hierarchical nature of cosmological structure formation.