Associations between weekly maternal exposure to ambient particulate matter and congenital heart disease

Our study results demonstrate that exposure to high concentrations of PM₁₀ increases the risk of CHDs, with susceptible exposure windows identified as gestational weeks 5-12 and weeks 18-22. Our study provides further evidence supporting the association between maternal exposure to ambient particulate matter and CHDs while also identifying critical windows. However, further studies are required to confirm these findings.