Advances in Tumor‐Derived Exosomal Non‐Coding <scp>RNAs</scp> Regulating <scp>M2</scp> Macrophage Polarization: Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathway

This review contains 142 citations, 60 of which are detailed examples of this mechanism. Our analysis of the literature shows that TEXs deliver specific ncRNAs to macrophages, reprogramming them toward an M2 phenotype via pathways such as PTEN/PI3Kγ, Wnt/β-catenin, and STAT3. This polarization amplifies immunosuppressive factor secretion and promotes tumor metastasis, chemoresistance, and immune evasion. These insights provide a theoretical foundation for novel TME-targeted therapies, potentially improving outcomes in refractory cancers.