Strength in numbers: Group size enhances individual survival and colony longevity in Damaraland mole-rats Fukomys damarensis

Cooperative behaviour presents an evolutionary paradox because although dispersal may increase direct fitness, many individuals forego reproduction to assist others. In arid-dwelling subterranean mammals, the high energetic costs of underground foraging, together with scarce and patchily distributed food resources are thought to have favoured the evolution of group living and cooperative breeding. These social systems are believed to enhance foraging efficiency and improve the survival prospects of individuals and groups. Using a longitudinal dataset from a wild population of Damaraland mole-rats ( Fukomys damarensis ) in arid central Namibia , we examine how group size predicts survival and persistence at both the individual and group levels. Our findings show that larger groups confer significant apparent survival benefits, that is the probability that an individual survives and remains available for recapture or resighting, reflecting both true survival and site fidelity, and also enhance colony persistence relative to solitary animals or pairs. We further demonstrate that these very small social-unit states are inherently unstable as without increases in group size, they are unlikely to persist within the population for extended periods. Larger groups clearly enhance survival, making remaining in the natal colony more beneficial than dispersing in an arid environment where dispersal is highly risky. • Dispersal is risky for Damaraland mole-rats in arid environments. • Solitary individuals and pairs did not persist for an extended period in the same state. • Larger group sizes provide survival benefits for individuals and for colonies.