The therapeutic potential of bacteriophage therapy in liver cirrhosis: a comprehensive review of current evidence

Liver cirrhosis is a condition characterized by scarring of liver tissue resulting from impaired liver function and systemic complications. It shows symptoms like jaundice, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. It has significant mortality and morbidity worldwide. As the study of microbial dysbiosis grows, it investigates how an imbalance in gut bacteria can speed up the progression of liver cirrhosis by spreading bacteria, endotoxins, and inflammation all over the body. Dysbiosis damages the gut–liver axis and eventually the liver. The study aims to analyze the therapeutic potential of bacteriophage therapy in liver cirrhosis. Bacteriophage treatment is a new focused method for treating microbial dysbiosis. Bacteriophages are viruses that target and attack harmful pathogens without affecting the helpful ones or causing an imbalance in the gut microbiota’s equilibrium. Since broad-spectrum antibiotics can affect the gut microbiota and lead to antibiotic resistance, phages are a better alternative due to their selectivity. According to preclinical research conducted in animal models, bacteriophage therapy can lower the bacterial load, enhance liver function tests, and decrease the systemic inflammatory indicators. Bacteriophage safety, as well as potential effectiveness in balancing gut microbiota, reducing systemic inflammation, and relieving symptoms such as hepatic encephalopathy, has been shown by preliminary clinical trials and case reports. However, issues like phage-resistant bacteria, patient-specific gut microbiota variation, and lack of clinical trials continue to prevent general use. Additional research is required to determine if it can be used in clinical practice, including large clinical trials and individualized strategies. Bacteriophage therapy is a promising and new technique for improving liver cirrhosis outcomes.