A practical safeguardability evaluation framework and tool supporting SBD implementation for new nuclear facilities

A safeguardability evaluation methodology was developed to support the implementation of safeguards by design (SBD) approach. Evaluation factors were derived and classified into quantitative and qualitative factors. The evaluation methodology comprises five steps. Step 1 involves defining a set of design information for the facility. Step 2 involves defining a set of safeguards measures for the facility. Step 3 involves setting the diversion time for each diversion pathway. Step 4 involves producing a fault tree and examining the diversion detection probability. Step 5 involves quantitative analysis of various diversion pathways and qualitative analysis. Moreover, a safeguardability evaluation tool (SET) capable of implementing these steps was developed. Whereas previous studies on proliferation resistance or safeguardability have mainly relied on qualitative or comparative analyses, this study introduced a structured and executable methodology that enables quantitative, scenario-based, and regulation-aligned evaluation of safeguardability. The implementation of this method in the SET provides a practical foundation for operationalizing the IAEA's SBD principle in both the design and regulatory review stages of new nuclear facilities, including advanced and non-traditional types.