A Review on Arthropod-Related Health Threats in Qom Province, One of the World’s Most Important Religious Destinations of Iran

Background and aims: Arthropod-related health threats (ARHTs), including infectious diseases and non-infectious conditions, pose a significant global health burden. While arthropod-borne diseases (ABDs) represent nearly one-fifth of all communicable diseases worldwide, other arthropod-related injuries (e.g., scorpion stings) and infestations (e.g., myiasis) further increase morbidity. Qom Province, a central Iranian hub for pilgrims and immigrants, faces unique risks due to its population density and climatic conditions. This study compiled data on arthropod-related health threats in Qom Province, assessed their spatial distribution, and underscored the importance of prevention and control measures. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes published evidence on ARHTs in Qom Province, Iran. The data were retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases, covering studies published between 2011 and 2024. Results: Of the 31 included studies, reports indicated the presence of infectious diseases, including zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, malaria, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, and West Nile virus infection. Non-infectious arthropod-related conditions and injuries were also reported , including head lice infestation (pediculosis), myiasis, scorpion stings (scorpionism), scabies, and loxoscelism. Conclusion: This review highlighted the coexistence of ABDs and other ARHTsin Qom Province. Monitoring vectors, reservoirs, and hosts is essential to mitigate risks, particularly in this high-traffic religious destination.