Syphilis: Understanding the disease and the role of dental professionals

Syphilis, a resurgent sexually transmitted infection caused by <i>Treponema pallidum</i>, poses significant public health challenges globally. Its varied clinical presentations, especially oral manifestations, position dental professionals uniquely for early detection and intervention. This review synthesizes current epidemiological trends, clinical features, diagnostic approaches, prevention strategies, and management guidelines with an emphasis on the role of dental professionals. A literature review was conducted to assess the clinical presentation of syphilis, prevention and management by dental professionals. Key topics included epidemiology, risk factors, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar for studies published in English from 2010 to 2024, supplemented by public health and media reports. A notable increase in syphilis cases was reported globally, including Canada and the United States, with disproportionate impacts on vulnerable populations. Oral lesions, including chancres and mucosal patches, frequently present in early stages, underscoring the importance of dental examination. Rapid point-of-care testing offers opportunities for timely diagnosis in dental settings. Prevention relies on education, routine screening, and structural interventions, while management centres on penicillin-based treatment and coordinated referrals. Dental professionals can play a critical role in mitigating syphilis transmission through early identification, patient education, and referral. Strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration and provider training is essential for improving syphilis outcomes and population health.