Overview of continuous black carbon and particulate matter measurements along with trace pollutants (SO₂, NO₂, and O₃) in the rapidly growing city of Jamshedpur

As India is a developing nation, most of the cities come across severe atmospheric pollution because of rapid urbanization, economic growth, infrastructure built and advance road for quick journey. Jamshedpur is one of the largest industrial cities to exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) which emit various pollutants such as BC, PM, SO2, NO2, and O3 from different anthropogenic activities. These pollutants on entering different organs of humans, have serious health outcomes such as cardiac arrest, respiratory issues, skin irritation, etc. The monitoring of the study found seasonal concentrations of BC (4.4, 2.86, 9.59, and 11.95 µg m−3), PM2.5 (39.57, 26.35, 56.65, and 83.12 µg m−3), PM10 (94.19, 43.65, 114.22, 175.66 µg m−3), SO2 (8.83, 6.67, 9.36, and 9.97 µg m−3), NO2 (10.84, 5.08, 14.39, and 21.36 µg m−3), and O3 (43.34, 18.07, 17.88, and 35.3 µg m−3) during the summer, monsoon, post-monsoon and winter respectively. The present study witnesses the emission of BC and PM with trace pollutants i.e., SO2, NO2, and O3. The concentration of BC, PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 were found highest in January during winter across the research periods which might be due to short term anthropogenic activities. The shrinking of planetary boundary layer in the atmosphere gathered the concentration of aerosol during winter seasons which was 3–4 times higher than monsoon except NO2 and O3. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 (51.42 μg m−3) found below the NAAQS permissible limit (60 μg m−3), and PM10 (106 μg m−3) comprehended above the standards (100 μg m−3). PM2.5 exceeded the limit in four months (Nov-Feb) and PM10 exceeded in 5 months (Nov-Mar), whereas SO2 spiked up to 12.16 μg m−3 in February 2021. Furthermore, the Giovanni Nasa satellite models reflect the surface mass concentration of BC as reported in the real time study. The research also discussed the statistical analysis that explains strong positive correlation between BC/PM2.5, BC/PM10 & BC/NO2, positively related between BC/SO2 and trivially related between BC/O3.