Strategies for Regulating the Release Kinetics of Bioactive Compounds from Biopolymeric Hydrogels

Bioactive compounds are widely recognized for their ability to enhance health and prevent diseases due to their various biological activities. However, these compounds are very sensitive to environmental factors, which can reduce their solubility, bioavailability, permeability, and stability, necessitating carriers to protect and ensure targeted delivery. To develop an effective delivery system, it is essential to assess the key factors that influence the release behaviour of bioactive compounds. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to evaluate how the conditions of the release media, the attributes of hydrogels, and the characteristics of the entrapped bioactive compounds regulate the release kinetics of these compounds. Prior to create suitable carriers, it is essential to comprehend the mechanisms of digestion and absorption of these compounds. Consequently, absorption and the factors influencing stability and bioavailability of bioactives were reviewed first. The conditions of release media, especially the pH, ionic characteristics, temperature, and the nature of solvent served as a critical determinant in the release of bioactive substances by affecting the functional groups, electrostatic interactions between carrier and entrapped bioactive compound, dissociation and conformational changes in polymers. The properties of delivery systems can be controlled using polymers, crosslinkers, plasticizers, and specific environmental factors. The application of dual crosslinkers or a combination of physical and chemical crosslinkers enhanced the efficiency of the crosslinking process, subsequently improving the overall release profile of bioactive compounds from the matrices. Therefore, this review explored several options for enhancing the delivery system.