Impact of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment on Left Ventricular Function Assessed in 2D and 3D Speckle Tracing Echocardiography—Preliminary Results

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood malignancy with promising survival. ALL treatment involves the use of cardiotoxic anthracyclines. The data for children on new methods of echocardiographic detection of early-onset anthracycline-related left ventricle dysfunction is lacking. <b>Methods</b>: Consecutive children with ALL were prospectively enrolled. The echocardiography was performed after ALL diagnosis and before initiation of anthracyclines (first assessment) and after induction and intensification therapy completion (second assessment). The left ventricle echocardiographic assessment involved conventional two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography, 2D speckle tracing, and three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography with offline analysis for 3D speckle tracing. <b>Results</b>: The preliminary group of 32 children presented with mean time between the first and second assessment of 7.3 ± 1.5 months (min.5.3-max.11.4). All children were treated by the same treatment protocol and received doxorubicin and daunorubicin. The mean cumulative equivalent anthracycline dose was 165.6 ± 54.0 mg/m². Statistically significant differences between the first and the second echocardiography were observed in LV-GLS-2D -24.6 ± 3.3% vs. -21.0 ± 3.3%; <i>p</i> < 0.001, LVEF-3D 59.7 ± 7.3% vs. 55.1 ± 3.0%; <i>p</i> = 0.010, LV-GLS-3D -23.3 ± 5.3% vs. -20.4 ± 2.8%; <i>p</i> = 0.031 and LV-GCS-3D -26.3 ± 5.9% vs. -21.9 ± 3.2%; <i>p</i> = 0.017. The differences in LVEF-2D and LV-GRS-3D were not statistically significant. The decrease of >15% from the first assessment was observed in 9 (28%) in LV-GLS-2D, 8 (25%) in LV-GLS-3D, 11 (34%) in LV-GCS-3D and only in 4 (13%) patients in LV-GRS-3D. <b>Conclusions</b>: Two-dimensional and three-dimensional speckle tracing and 3D-LVEF may be sensitive indicators of subclinical left ventricular function impairment in children treated for ALL with anthracyclines. However, this is a preliminary analysis of the planned cohort; our results should be interpreted with caution.