Sustainable Magnetic Nanorobots for Microplastics Remediation

Microplastics have become a major environmental concern due to their resistance to degradation, wide distribution, and potential uptake by organisms. Conventional mitigation strategies often exhibit limitations in efficiency, reuse, and scalability, and may generate secondary pollutants. In this review, we highlight the application of magnetically controlled, sustainable nanorobots based on magnetic hybrid nanoparticles with different functional groups to enhance the removal efficiency of microplastics from the environment. By leveraging hydrophobic interactions, surface modifications, and tailored additives, these magnetic nanorobots provide a sustainable, eco-friendly approach to mitigating microplastic pollution and offer improved magnetic separation performance. Bioinspired and biohybrid magnetic nanorobots, based on green synthesis principles, carbon-based nanomaterials, biochar, nature-inspired swarm motion, and collective behavior, present further advancements that mimic biological systems to capture microplastics with high efficiency and recovery. Achieving removal efficiencies often exceeding 90% in minutes, and maintaining the efficiency after several cycles. The synergistic integration of magnetic separability with tailor-made surface functionalities underpins the effectiveness of these magnetic nanorobots, setting the stage for their future commercialization and widespread adoption in water remediation technologies.