Modeling the mpox transmission among population incorporating low- and high-risk infection

Monkeypox, transmitted primarily through close contact and zoonotic spillover, poses significant public health concerns and economic burdens in affected regions. To investigate the transmission mechanisms of this disease, we develop a compartmental model that stratifies the population by risk level and evaluate various intervention strategies implemented in high-risk (MSM) and low-risk groups. We analyze the existence and stability of both disease-free and endemic equilibria and demonstrate that they are fully determined by the basic reproduction number. Case data from the United States, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom are employed to estimate transmission rates and assess the effectiveness of control measures, while also validating the reliability and robustness of the proposed model. Numerical simulations indicate that transmission probability, vaccine efficacy, and public awareness are key factors influencing disease transmission. Strengthening awareness among low-risk groups and implementing targeted interventions for high-risk populations (MSM) are crucial to effectively reducing infection rates.