Monitoring systems for nanosatellite constellations: towards end-to-end supervision

NewSpace trends are fostering the growth of large-scale nanosatellite constellations in LEO by leveraging commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components to create cost-effective, advanced platforms. Payloads have also benefited, evolving into low-cost, high-performance platforms, with in flight hardware reconfiguration capabilities. These systems behave as distributed infrastructures where Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Management and Orchestration (MANO) enable on-demand and automatic service deployment. The management of such complex, scalable and service-oriented constellations lead to a growing need to efficiently monitor nodes and services in operation. This work introduces LEOMON, a six-layer framework that links local payload telemetry (FPGA SoC) with constellation-wide monitoring. A representative implementation demonstrates per-layer instrumentation and unifies telemetry into a central time-series hub, aggregating more than 28,000 metrics. With end-to-end visibility, monitoring shifts from a fragmented utility to an operational backbone with capacity to enhance service deployment and improve resilience through cross-layer time-series data analysis that can reveal error patterns.