Towards multi-tenant space ran in 5G NTN: bridging MNOs and SNOs for shared infrastructure

The growing demand for direct-to-handheld services in Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN), with its stringent requirements for service continuity and link budget optimisation, has driven the adoption of mega-constellations. However, this approach is hampered by prohibitive investment costs, environmental unsustainability, and the specialised operational expertise required. To address these issues, this paper analyses NTN multi-tenancy to promote a collaborative ecosystem where Satellite Network Operators (SNOs) provide a space-based Radio Access Network (RAN) that is shared by multiple Mobile Network Operators (MNOs). This approach mitigates satellite overpopulation, lowers industry entry barriers for MNOs, and fosters a more sustainable industry. We study the operational framework for this paradigm, identifying two main implementation issues: the standardised access of MNOs to the space infrastructure and the SLA assurance by SNOs. Subsequently, we conduct a technical analysis of four key 3GPP-compliant technologies, including RAN sharing mechanisms, network slicing, Integrated Access and Backhaul, and Open RAN. These technologies are evaluated based on their suitability to solve these issues and enable a robust and interoperable multi-tenant space RAN.