Inclusive innovation models, levels, and priority research directions: policy implications for application in disadvantaged regions of Vietnam

Inclusive innovation has attracted increasing attention across policy, practice, and academic research, particularly as a means of addressing the needs of vulnerable populations and disadvantaged regions. This approach aims to develop innovative products, services, and social solutions that specifically target marginalized groups, where the most impoverished often remain excluded from national and regional development. Traditional models of inclusive innovation for these groups are increasingly misaligned with contemporary developmental realities, especially in light of rapid technological advancements. This gap underscores the need for more comprehensive research to create new models and frameworks. Drawing on an integrated analysis of theoretical and empirical insights, this study introduces an "inclusive innovation ladder," which delineates various levels of innovation relevant to policy design and implementation. Fieldwork was conducted across three distinct regions, including Dong Van Karst Plateau (Tuyen Quang), suburban Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City, engaging a range of stakeholders, including researchers, policymakers, private sector representatives, academic institutions, and NGOs. Based on a synthesis of existing literature and primary data, nine key research themes for inclusive innovation policy were identified. These themes, classified into systemic and procedural categories, offer evidence-based recommendations for guiding future policy development and practical interventions aimed at promoting inclusive innovation in underdeveloped regions of Vietnam.