Multifactorial mechanisms of cavitation and spray atomization in diesel injector nozzles: A comprehensive review

Fueled by global environmental policies and energy transition initiatives, new energy vehicles are undergoing rapid development. However, internal combustion engines, particularly diesel-powered vehicles, continue to dominate the global automotive market. Owing to their high energy density and extended range, diesel engines are anticipated to remain critical, long-distance transportation, and industrial machinery for a long time to come. Therefore, optimizing diesel engine systems’ emission and combustion performance is crucial for enhancing energy efficiency and reducing global pollutant emissions. This review systematically examines the influence of nozzle geometry, operating conditions, and fuel properties on in-nozzle cavitation and near-field spray atomization in diesel injectors, culminating in proposed optimization strategies.