Role of 2,3-Dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) Quinoxaline in Combating Candida Infections

The increasing prevalence of Candida infections is a major healthcare challenge, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic agents. In this study, we evaluated the antifungal and anti-inflammatory activity of 2,3-dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline against various Candida and Aspergillus species using both in vitro and in vivo models. Using the broth microdilution method, 21 reference strains were evaluated, revealing notable fungicidal activity particularly against Candida glabrata and Candida krusei, while variable susceptibility was observed in C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. However, no activity was detected against Aspergillus species. In the oral candidiasis mice model, significant antifungal efficacy was confirmed against C. albicans. Moreover, 2,3-dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline exhibited pronounced anti-inflammatory effects, as evidenced by a dose-dependent reduction in pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-6, IL-1β, COX-2, iNOS, and IFN-γ (p < 0.05 at concentrations of 0.02 and 0.2 mg/mL). Taken together, these findings indicate that 2,3-dichloro-6-(trifluoromethoxy) quinoxaline has dual antifungal and anti-inflammatory potential, positioning it as a promising candidate for further preclinical development.