Microplastic-induced ecological corona in marine biota of the northern Red Sea: emerging threats amid NEOM coastal development

The rapid construction of the futuristic metropolitan city NEOM along the northern Red Sea coast of Tabuk has raised ecological concerns regarding microplastic (MP) pollution in adjacent marine habitats. Effluents generated during large-scale urban development and associated anthropogenic activities contribute to elevated microplastic loads, threatening the ecological balance of coral reef ecosystems. The dynamic layer of biomolecules, microbes, and ambient materials that adsorb onto the surface of micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) as they enter aquatic systems is referred to as the "marine ecological corona. MNPs act as persistent contaminants that interact with marine biota through ingestion, adsorption of pollutants, and physical interference. In algae, MPs impair photosynthetic efficiency, induce oxidative stress, and hinder primary productivity. Coral polyps exposed to MPs exhibit reduced calcification, impaired symbiotic relationships with zooxanthellae, and developmental retardation. Fish and other higher trophic organisms demonstrate tissue accumulation, oxidative stress, and genotoxic effects, compromising growth, reproduction, and overall fitness. Collectively, these effects may disrupt food web stability and biodiversity in one of the world’s most unique reef ecosystems. Addressing MNPs contamination in the Red Sea requires integrated management strategies. Conventional removal techniques—such as filtration, coagulation, and adsorption—are being refined with advanced nanomaterials and bio-based sorbents. Innovative bioremediation approaches, including microbial and enzymatic degradation, present promising environmentally friendly solutions. Additionally, policies emphasizing green construction practices, circular plastic economy, and effluent treatment technologies are essential to minimize further MNPs influx. Cutting-edge methods such as magnetic nanoparticle-assisted separation and photocatalytic degradation are under investigation for large-scale application. Effective management of microplastic pollution is critical to conserving the resilience of northern Red Sea coral reefs, safeguarding marine biodiversity, and ensuring the ecological sustainability of NEOM’s coastal environment.