Divergent Histories: Narrative Asymmetry in French and English History Curricula in Canada

What happens when students in the same country learn markedly different versions of its past? This article examines divergent narratives in French- and English-language history curricula across six Canadian provinces outside Québec. Drawing on a comparative analysis of Grades 7–11 curriculum documents and critical discourse analysis of key expectations and rationales, it identifies persistent asymmetries in how francophone minority histories are represented… or omitted. French-language curricula tend to foreground resistance, community survival, and political agency, whereas English-language curricula frequently marginalise or dilute episodes such as the Conquest (1759), Regulation 17, and the legacy of Louis Riel. These contrasts are not merely lexical; they organise different distributions of agency, responsibility, and visibility, with significant consequences for how students learn to imagine who belongs to the national “we”. To capture this structural imbalance, the article develops the concept of narrative asymmetry in bilingual curriculum ecosystems and argues that such curricular inequity undermines both bilingualism and civic pluralism. The discussion then explores the identity and pedagogical implications of these asymmetries, showing how they shape francophone and anglophone students’ sense of recognition, legitimacy, and historical understanding. The article concludes by outlining avenues toward narrative equity in history education through curriculum reform, teacher education, and historical-thinking pedagogy, and suggests how this framework might be adapted to other multilingual societies grappling with tensions between official narratives and marginalised histories.