Wave‐Partition‐Governed Dual‐Site Spallation in Single Crystals

The spall failure in shock-loaded perfect single crystals reveals significant orientation dependent characteristics, yet the fundamental relationship between shock wave propagation anisotropy and fracture mechanisms remains unclear. Employing large-scale molecular dynamics simulations, a novel dual-spallation phenomenon governed by anisotropic elastic-plastic wave separation is discovered. Crystal orientations exhibiting stronger wave separation (e.g., [111]) demonstrate a characteristic two-stage spallation pattern, contrasting sharply with the conventional single-spallation behavior observed in orientations like [100]. Systematic analysis through quantitative void distribution statistics, fracture surface energy evaluation, and modified Nucleation and Growth (MNAG) model reveals that this wave-mediated mechanism improves damage resistance through two synergistic effects: attenuation of rarefaction wave interaction and suppression of catastrophic void coalescence. The findings establish stress wave engineering via crystalline orientation control as a vital strategy for developing next-generation impact-resistant materials, providing both fundamental insights into dynamic fracture physics and practical guidelines for material design.