Biosensor Advancements for Addressing Agricultural and Environmental Challenges: A Review

ABSTRACT This review critically examines recent developments in biosensor technology and explores their potential to address pressing agricultural and environmental challenges. Amid increasing climate variability, biosensors provide field‐deployable diagnostics for proximal ecosystem monitoring, with promising applications in real‐time soil nutrient analysis—a process often complicated by the inherent heterogeneity of soil—as well as crop disease detection, drought assessment, and water quality protection. Recent progress in enzymatic, lab‐on‐a‐chip, and fiber optic‐based biosensors—particularly those involving nanomaterial enhancement, disposable sensors, and distributed temperature sensing validation—have expanded their potential for in situ deployment. When coupled with artificial intelligence and Internet of Things networks, these technologies can support data‐driven decision making for sustainable agricultural and environmental resilience. Despite these advances, persistent barriers such ensuring a prolonged shelf life, calibration uniformity, field robustness, quality control, and ease of use continue to impede widespread adoption. Overcoming these barriers through interdisciplinary innovation and user‐centered design will be essential in ensuring biosensors achieve their full potential as scalable, field‐ready tools for sustainable agriculture and robust environmental management.