Lightning-intense deep convective transport of water vapour into the UTLS over the Third Pole region

Abstract. The Himalayas are known to be prominent locations for lightning-intense deep convective systems. Deep convective systems can transport significant amounts of water vapour into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Lightning data from the TRMM-LIS observation over 10 years, along with water vapour data from ERA5 reanalysis and satellite observations (AIRS, MLS), point to a possible link between the lightning-intense deep convective systems and water vapour in the UTLS over the Third Pole region. We used the climate model ICON-CLM at km-scale to investigate the transport of water vapour by lightning-intense deep convective systems. A year-long simulation indicates an increase in water vapour concentration during lightning events in the upper troposphere (∼ 200 hPa). This finding is also supported by ERA5, AIRS, and MLS. Noticeably, ERA5 overestimates water vapour increases, especially during the monsoon period. A Lagrangian analysis of air parcels for over 1600 lightning events, using ERA5 and ICON-CLM simulation, reveals that ERA5 transports considerably more air parcels to the upper troposphere than ICON-CLM simulation over the Third Pole region. The air parcels in the coarser-meshed (∼ 30 km) convection-parametrised ERA5 data rise slowly, cross the Himalayas, and reach the upper troposphere over the Tibetan Plateau. In contrast, the km-scale convection-permitting ICON-CLM simulation shows fast vertical and less horizontal transport for the same events. In general, simulated lightning-intense deep convective events moisten the upper troposphere, but only a few instances may lead to direct moistening of the lower stratosphere over the Third Pole. Once an air parcel reaches the upper troposphere, its fate depends on synoptic circulation.