Life-Cycle Assessment of Carbon Sink Efficiency in Urban Landscape Spatial Units: Evidence from Luhe Park, Nanjing

Urban green spaces are pivotal to enhancing carbon sinks and advancing carbon neutrality goals, yet the structural complexity of green space units often leads to scale mismatches and weak spatial responsiveness in current assessments. This study develops an integrated evaluation framework that combines landscape spatial unit typologies with life-cycle-based carbon flux modeling. We defined 22 landscape spatial unit types based on two-dimensional surface cover and three-dimensional vegetation structure, including waterbodies and vertical greening. A life-cycle carbon model was developed with indicators covering unit carbon sink, unit carbon emission, unit net carbon sink efficiency, and time to carbon balance. Taking Luhe Park in Nanjing as a case study, the carbon sink efficiency indicators were quantified for 108 units over a 50-year cycle. Results indicate that multilayer vegetation structures, high green coverage, and moderate-to-high planting density markedly enhance carbon sink efficiency, whereas extensive built surfaces and high impervious ratios suppress it. K-means clustering classified the spatial units into four types with emphasis on efficiency-driven, structural optimization, functional compatibility, and imbalance compensation, respectively, revealing a clear gradient tied to spatial configuration. To translate diagnosis into design, we report 95% confidence intervals of key structural factors as actionable thresholds. These ranges inform targeted interventions such as maintaining continuity and multilayer structure in high-efficiency areas, modest structural upgrades with native drought-tolerant plants, edge greening with permeable pavements in open spaces, and streamlined vertical systems linked to adjacent high-sink ground units. The framework delivers spatially explicit, life-cycle-aware evidence to support low-carbon planning and design of urban green spaces.