Biological Characteristics and Rearing Techniques for Vespid Wasps with Emphasis on Vespa mandarinia

Vespid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) represent ecologically and economically significant insect resources, possessing extremely high nutritional and medicinal value. In response to escalating market demand and declining wild populations, artificial indoor rearing of vespid wasps has emerged as a sustainable strategy. This approach not only helps conserve and utilize this valuable resource, supporting traditional medicine and local cuisine, but also contributes to invasive species control in affected regions. The large-scale rearing of wasps must integrate their biological characteristics with advanced rearing technologies to achieve rational rearing practices, while continuously optimizing management models. This article systematically reviews the biological characteristics of wasps, traditional rearing methods, and the current status of wasp rearing. It focuses on the methods and key technologies for the outdoor rearing of <i>Vespa mandarinia</i> and year-round indoor rearing. Additionally, it discusses the advantages of artificial indoor rearing, identifies critical technical challenges, and provides a summary and outlook on the future development trends, aiming to provide theoretical support for the large-scale and industrialized development of indoor wasp rearing.