Association of tertiary lymphoid structures and benign lymphoepithelial lesions in NIH-category IV prostatitis: pathophysiological correlations

This study is the first to quantitatively evaluate the immunopathologic patterns in the inflamed human prostate by analyzing the presence and co-occurrence of TLSs and BLELs. Their formation, likely triggered by antigenic stimuli and external factors, indicates a chronic inflammatory microenvironment. The strong association between TLSs, BLELs, and HG-HP underscores their potential role in HP aggressiveness. These findings suggest that TLSs and BLELs may be crucial contributors to the pathophysiology and morphogenesis of NIH-category IV prostatitis. Furthermore, TLS/BLEL formation may represent a hallmark of tissue autoimmunity, reflecting the immune or autoimmune phase of this prostatitis subtype.