Music intervention in precision shooting: mechanisms, effects, and future directions—a literature review

Previous studies have consistently shown that non-invasive musical stimulation can facilitate physical performance, particularly through fast-tempo, high-volume, and rhythmically strong music. Yet, it remains unclear whether slow-tempo, moderate-volume music exerts only inhibitory effects, or whether it might offer distinct benefits in certain contexts. In precision sports such as shooting, athletes must maintain dynamic balance of the body and firearm, physiological and psychological stability, and fine neural regulation. Whether fast-tempo, high-volume stimulation disrupts this optimal state is still unknown. This study therefore examines the bidirectional effects of non-invasive musical stimulation on shooting performance, with a focus on underlying mechanisms, potential benefits, and future directions, and specifically investigates whether slow-tempo, moderate-volume music may more effectively enhance shooters' performance compared to fast-tempo, high-volume stimulation.