Case Report: Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia: report of five children with the nephrotic syndrome and review of the literature

PJP is a severe opportunistic infection that can progress rapidly and lead to life-threatening respiratory failure, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Among children with nephrotic syndrome (NS), prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids, tacrolimus, or other immunosuppressive agents markedly increases susceptibility to PJP. Therefore, heightened clinical vigilance, early etiological diagnosis, and prompt initiation of appropriate therapy are essential to improving clinical outcomes in this population.