International evaluation of the SEIZUre Risk in Encephalitis (SEIZURE) score for predicting acute seizure risk
The SEIZURE score performed best in several countries in Western Europe but performed poorly elsewhere, partly due to differing and unknown aetiologies. In most regions, the score did not reach a threshold to be clinically useful. The Western European results could aid in designing clinical trials assessing primary anti-seizure prophylaxis in encephalitis following further prospective trials. Beyond Western Europe, there is a need for tailored, localised scoring systems and future large-scale prospective studies with optimised aetiological testing to accurately identify high-risk patients.
Authors
- Greta K. Wood (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-2331)
- Tan Hui Jan
- Sylviane Defres (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4729-7505)
- Franklyn Egbe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9547-4609)
- Umberto Pensato (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-4735)
- Nasim Tabrizi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7978-2014)
- Raffaele Federico Iorio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6270-0956)
- Khalil S. Husari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4312-177X)
- Tom Solomon (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7266-6547)
- Charitha Gowda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5752-4855)
- Athena Sharifi‐Razavi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3861-9741)
- Claire Hetherington (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9234-4459)
- Vítor Ferreira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0107-9510)
- Dilek Ataklı (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6458-8374)
- Maria Pleshkevich (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4888-2415)
- Ralph Habis
- Benedict Michael (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8693-8926)
- Alberto Vogrig (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3652-7061)
- Vasantha Gowda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8367-5489)
- Paris Bean (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1268-3588)
- Ashley N Heck (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3049-5371)
- Kiran T. Thakur (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0050-0323)
- Marina Romozzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6016-3141)
- M. V. Kovalchuk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1836-6954)
- Salvatore Versace (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1807-7589)
- Carla Y. Kim (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5714-7212)
- Alla Guekht (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1170-6127)
- Seong‐il Oh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8067-2135)
- Jamil Kahwagi
- S Poorvikha
- Arun Venkatesan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9335-7361)
- Andrea Sylvia Winkler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3131-6983)
- Jussi Sipilä (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2957-1443)
- Luı́s Pinto Ferreira (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4225-6525)
- Claude Steriade (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6799-9005)
- John C. Probasco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2095-0786)
- Rodrigo Hasbun (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4155-7089)
- Betül Baykan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3360-659X)
- Anna Goncharova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2043-7835)
- Thomas Hughes (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1561-7615)
- Maria Sofia Cotelli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7010-2809)
- Sofia Calado (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9442-7467)
- J. García de Soto
- Gokcen Gozubatik‐Celik
- Susana Arias (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1620-4062)
- Fusun Mayda Domac
- M Netravathi
- Thuppanattumadam Ananthasubramanian Sangeeth (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3767-8195)
- Swathi Sowmitran
- Alexandra Diaz-Ariza
- Luis del Capio-Orantes
Institutions
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- University of Udine (IT)
- Humanitas University (IT)
- Harvard University (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Mexican Social Security Institute (MX)
- University of Health Science (KH)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Suffolk University (US)
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Johns Hopkins Medicine (US)
- Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IT)
- TUM Klinikum (DE)
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospital NHS Trust (GB)
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University (RU)
- Kyung Hee University (KR)
- Bakırköy Psychiatric Hospital (TR)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- North Karelia Central Hospital (FI)
- Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (ES)
- Hospital de Egas Moniz (PT)
- Inje University Busan Paik Hospital (KR)
- National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (MY)
- Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia di Udine (IT)
- Hospital de Santo António (PT)
- Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi (TR)
- Moscow City Clinical Hospital after V.M. Buyanov (RU)
- Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital (KR)
- Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann (SN)
- Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (ES)
- St.John's Medical College Hospital (IN)
- Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong (KR)
- Harvard Global Health Institute (US)
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (IT)
- Lombardia Informatica (Italy) (IT)
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IN)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- University of Health Sciences Antigua (AG)
- Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- National University of Malaysia (MY)
Publication Details
- Journal
- BMJ Open
- Published
- 2025-12-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-099451
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Epilepsy research and treatment
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 1.47