Adapting global guidelines to local contexts: optimising community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) specific prescribing in Pakistan to counter antimicrobial resistance
Most physicians were unaware of the exact prevalence of causative pathogens and their resistance patterns in Pakistan due to the unavailability of robust local data. Consequently, international guidelines were adapted to local challenges including resistance patterns, limited diagnostics and resource constraints. Physicians prioritised beta-lactam antibiotics use and restricted moxifloxacin and azithromycin to mitigate resistance propagation linked to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant typhoid. Efforts to improve antimicrobial utilisation for CAP in Pakistan need to address implementation barriers and focus on enhancing diagnostic access, vaccine coverage and funding for treatment optimisation.
Authors
- Stephen Campbell (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2328-4136)
- Zikria Saleem (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3202-6347)
- Afreenish Amir (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1802-1737)
- Matti Ullah (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5253-1538)
- Brian Godman
- Waleed M. Altowayan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7719-9308)
- Muhammad Majid Aziz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6462-052X)
- Emmama Jamil (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7812-9543)
- Huda Arooj
Institutions
- Bahauddin Zakariya University (PK)
- Qassim University (SA)
- St George's, University of London (GB)
- University of Strathclyde (GB)
- Hamdard University (PK)
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (GB)
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University (ZA)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Buraydah Colleges (SA)
- National Institute of Health (PK)
Publication Details
- Journal
- BMJ Open Respiratory Research
- Published
- 2025-12-01
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2025-003699
- Citations
- 2
- Primary Topic
- Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 2.52