Recent Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a growing global health burden marked by gradual and irreversible impairment of renal function.Conventional biomarkers such as serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and albuminuria remain the mainstay for diagnosis and monitoring, yet they typically indicate renal injury only after considerable nephron damage has occurred.In recent years, numerous novel biomarkers have emerged, demonstrating greater accuracy and earlier detection of kidney dysfunction.These include soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 (TNFR1 and TNFR2), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23).Additionally, molecular biomarkers such as circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) and urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are gaining attention for their potential to improve disease prediction, assess progression, and guide therapeutic interventions in CKD.