Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications

Precision modulation of ANS plasticity represents a transformative approach to COPD management, bridging molecular mechanisms with clinical applications. Future research should prioritize combinatorial therapies and biomarker-driven stratification to address the multifaceted nature of ANS dysfunction. This paradigm shift holds promise for personalized interventions that mitigate disease progression and systemic complications.