Prevalence and social determinants of adolescent depression in an unequal urban setting in Latin America

This study examines the prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms among adolescents in Santiago de Cali, Colombia. A cross-sectional survey of 432 students in grades 9–11 used the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI). Findings showed that 39% presented depressive symptoms (M = 0.39, SD = 0.49), 41% dysphoria (M = 0.41, SD = 0.49), and 24% low self-esteem (M = 0.24, SD = 0.43). Severe symptoms were more frequent in females, students from single-parent households, and those reporting abuse or violence. Family support, peer trust, and participation in physical or recreational activities functioned as protective factors. The prevalence observed (39%) exceeds national and regional reports, suggesting that local social conditions may heighten mental health risks. These results call for targeted, context-sensitive prevention strategies and further study of protective mechanisms in vulnerable adolescents.