Dental injuries in sports: patterns, risk factors, and management – a literature review

Sports-related maxillofacial and dental injuries remain a major clinical challenge despite advances in protective equipment and growing awareness of prevention. This review summarizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, mechanisms, and management of the most common injuries affecting athletes, including dental trauma, mandibular and maxillary fractures, zygomatic and orbital injuries, nasal fractures, and a wide range of soft tissue lesions. Particular attention is given to patterns of dental trauma—such as crown and root fractures, luxations, and avulsions—which are highly prevalent and often require urgent intervention to preserve function and aesthetics. The article highlights the importance of early diagnosis, appropriate imaging, and evidence-based treatment strategies, as well as interdisciplinary collaboration between sports medicine specialists, dentists, and surgeons. Emphasis is also placed on prevention, especially the use of custom-fitted mouthguards and athlete education. Understanding injury mechanisms and implementing effective protective measures are essential for reducing trauma incidence and ensuring safe return to sport.