Repeating flares, X-ray outbursts and delayed infrared emission: A comprehensive compilation of optical tidal disruption events

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) have been proposed as valuable laboratories for studying dormant black holes. However, progress in this field has been hampered by the limited number of observed events. In this work, we present TDECat, a comprehensive catalogue of 134 confirmed TDEs (131 optical TDEs and three jetted TDEs) discovered up to the end of 2024, accompanied by multi-wavelength photometry (X-ray, UV, optical, and infrared) and publicly available spectra. We also study the statistical properties, spectral classifications, and multi-band variability of these events. Using a Bayesian Blocks algorithm, we determined the duration, rise time ( t rise ), decay time ( t decay ), and their ratio for 103 flares in our sample. We find that these timescales follow a log-normal distribution. Furthermore, our spectral analysis shows that most optical TDEs belong to the TDE-H+He class, followed by the TDE-H, TDE-He, and TDE-featureless classes, which is consistent with expectations from main-sequence star disruption. Using archival observations, we identified three new potentially repeating TDEs, namely, AT 2024pvu, AT 2022exr, and AT 2021uvz, increasing the number of known repeating events. In both newly identified and previously known cases, the secondary flares exhibit a similar shape to the primary. We also examined the infrared and X-ray emission from the TDEs in our catalogue, and find that 14 out of the 18 infrared events have associated X-ray emission, strongly suggesting a potential correlation. Finally, we find that for three sub-samples (repeating flares, infrared-emitting events, and X-ray-emitting events), the spectral classes are unlikely to be randomly distributed, suggesting a connection between spectral characteristics and multi-wavelength emission. TDEcat enables large-scale population studies across wavelengths and spectral classes, providing essential tools for navigating the data-rich era of upcoming surveys such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time.

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Journal
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2026-01-14
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202554882
Primary Topic
Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
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article
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article

Repeating flares, X-ray outbursts and delayed infrared emission: A comprehensive compilation of optical tidal disruption events

L. Wyrzykowski, Paweł Zieliński, Ioannis Liodakis, K. I. I. Koljonen et al.
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
article

Repeating flares, X-ray outbursts and delayed infrared emission: A comprehensive compilation of optical tidal disruption events

L. Wyrzykowski, Paweł Zieliński, Ioannis Liodakis, K. I. I. Koljonen, Zoé Torrès, Krzysztof Kotysz, N. Globus, A. Paggi, N. Ihanec, P. Mikołajczyk, J. Ding, Dimitrios A. Langis, D. Morshed
article en

Abstract

Tidal disruption events (TDEs) have been proposed as valuable laboratories for studying dormant black holes. However, progress in this field has been hampered by the limited number of observed events. In this work, we present TDECat, a comprehensive catalogue of 134 confirmed TDEs (131 optical TDEs and three jetted TDEs) discovered up to the end of 2024, accompanied by multi-wavelength photometry (X-ray, UV, optical, and infrared) and publicly available spectra. We also study the statistical properties, spectral classifications, and multi-band variability of these events. Using a Bayesian Blocks algorithm, we determined the duration, rise time ( t rise ), decay time ( t decay ), and their ratio for 103 flares in our sample. We find that these timescales follow a log-normal distribution. Furthermore, our spectral analysis shows that most optical TDEs belong to the TDE-H+He class, followed by the TDE-H, TDE-He, and TDE-featureless classes, which is consistent with expectations from main-sequence star disruption. Using archival observations, we identified three new potentially repeating TDEs, namely, AT 2024pvu, AT 2022exr, and AT 2021uvz, increasing the number of known repeating events. In both newly identified and previously known cases, the secondary flares exhibit a similar shape to the primary. We also examined the infrared and X-ray emission from the TDEs in our catalogue, and find that 14 out of the 18 infrared events have associated X-ray emission, strongly suggesting a potential correlation. Finally, we find that for three sub-samples (repeating flares, infrared-emitting events, and X-ray-emitting events), the spectral classes are unlikely to be randomly distributed, suggesting a connection between spectral characteristics and multi-wavelength emission. TDEcat enables large-scale population studies across wavelengths and spectral classes, providing essential tools for navigating the data-rich era of upcoming surveys such as the Legacy Survey of Space and Time.

Astronomy and AstrophysicsVol. 707
Marshall Space Flight Center (US), University of Crete (GR), Princeton University (US), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO), University of Wrocław (PL), Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences (PT), Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (US), National Centre for Nuclear Research (PL), Institute of Astronomy (RU), Head-Royce School (US), New York Harbor School (US), Astronomical Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences (SK), Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center (PL), Astronomical Observatory (RS), Isaac Newton Group (ES), University of Warsaw (PL), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (MX)
Openalex Percentile: Top 98%
Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
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