Comprehending the internal–external mode of participatory urban regeneration practice : Learning lessons from the sanitation programme of the Orangi Pilot Project, Karachi, Pakistan

Significant issues including dilapidated housing, poor sanitation systems and inadequate provision, operation and maintenance of utility services are underlying factors in the depletion of informal settlements in Pakistan. Furthermore, these issues are exacerbated by institutional inefficiencies in dealing with them. To address the challenges, the Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) was launched in Orangi Town, Karachi, by a non-governmental organisation (NGO) in collaboration with local residents and government agencies, using an internal–external model of participation. The aim of the study discussed in this paper was to better comprehend the methodology used in the internal–external model, as well as to review the sanitation programme implemented as part of the OPP and how it affected urban infrastructure and quality of life. This article is also included in The Business & Management Collection which can be accessed at https://hstalks.com/business/.