Rac1 selectively binds a specific lamellipodin isoform via a noncanonical helical interface

Lamellipodin (Lpd) is a multifunctional adapter protein that regulates cell migration and adhesion by recruiting Ena/VASP proteins to the leading edge and modulating actin polymerization. The interaction of Lpd and Rho family or Ras family GTPases is crucial for regulating actin dynamics. Contrary to previous assumptions that the main Lpd isoform interacts with Rac1, here we show that strong and specific binding to Rac1 is instead mediated by the short isoform Lpds. This interaction is dependent on Rac1's GTPase activity and a short insertion (cs2) within the coiled-coil region unique to the Lpds isoform. Structural modeling and mutagenesis analyses further reveal that Lpds engages Rac1 through a noncanonical, single-helix binding mode distinct from the canonical helical-pair configuration. Our results uncover a novel isoform-dependent GTPase:effector binding mode for Rac1-driven actin dynamics, with implications for therapeutic targeting in Rac1-associated cancer progression.