Characterizing patterns of opioid and stimulant use by route and associations with non-fatal overdose and xylazine use in people who have injected drugs from Baltimore, MD, 2023–2024
We provide one of the most comprehensive summaries of substance use during the fourth wave in Baltimore, a city with the highest rate of fatal overdose in the US during the study period. Use of multiple substances was common, and many participants reported injection. Overdose prevention should be targeted to those injecting both drugs as this pattern had heightened overdose risk.
Authors
- Kenneth A. Feder (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9003-3081)
- Liz M. Martínez-Ocasio (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2073-3418)
- Shruti H. Mehta (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2523-0959)
- Becky L. Genberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9450-5311)
- Danielle German (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9604-5817)
- Catherine Tomko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2622-5518)
- Javier Cepeda (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0304-3172)
- Jacqueline E. Rudolph (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-1847)
- Gregory Dale Kirk (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-1405)
Institutions
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Johns Hopkins Medicine (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports
- Published
- 2025-12-06
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dadr.2025.100403
- Primary Topic
- Opioid Use Disorder Treatment
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00