Tumors and tumor-like lesions of the gall bladder—A review

Gall bladder carcinoma (GBC) remains a formidable diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, characterized by its often-incidental discovery and diverse spectrum of lesions, spanning from benign mimickers to malignant neoplasms. This review synthesizes the complex pathological landscape of GBC, highlighting regional epidemiological variations, intricate etiopathogenetic mechanisms, and the evolving array of diagnostic modalities. Emphasis is placed on the diagnostic ambiguity and histological diversity inherent to gall bladder lesions, which frequently obscure early detection and optimal management. The article explores the interplay between genetic and environmental risk factors, scrutinizes advances in molecular pathology, and considers the potential of liquid biopsy for noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring. By dissecting both traditional and cutting-edge approaches-including immunohistochemistry, emerging biomarkers, and molecular profiling-the review aims to illuminate current standards and future directions in the diagnosis and management of GBC. Additionally, the authors address surgical strategies, the role of immunotherapy, and the significance of identifying histologic mimics and subtypes that impact prognosis and treatment planning. Through a robust literature review conducted using curated MeSH terms, this article aspires to bridge gaps in existing knowledge, particularly for underrepresented regions, and to serve as a valuable resource for clinicians and pathologists confronting the diagnostic labyrinth of GBC.